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Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by certain species of fungi that can contaminate food products. AFM1 is the metabolite of aflatoxin B1 found in milk and dairy products resulting from the consumption of contaminated feed containing AFB1 by dairy animals. After AFM1 is excreted into milk, it can be found in dairy products such as cheese and yoghurt. Although less toxic than AFB1, AFM1 still exhibits hepatotoxic and carcinogenic properties and can pose serious health risks if consumed. AFM1 is highly resistant to temperature and other processes, making it difficult to remove from food products. For these reasons, it is important to understand how AFM1 contaminates dairy products, its presence and level, and the potential health risks associated with consuming it. In this study conducted for this purpose, the presence and level of AFM1 in labneh cheeses of different brands were investigated. In this context, 40 labneh cheese samples sold in markets were collected, and the presence of AFM1 was investigated using the ELISA method. AFM1 level was detected between 0.026-0.033 µg/Kg in 10% (4) of the labneh cheese samples analyzed. All of the samples were found below the Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulations limit (0.050 µg/Kg). In conclusion, it is recommended to raise awareness about the potential health risks associated with the consumption of milk and dairy products contaminated with AFM1, which is an important group among Aflatoxins that harbour many health risks that may affect the general public, and to implement measures to prevent contamination in the food supply chain.

This study was conducted to determine the forage yield and quality of sorghum genotypes to be grown in Muş province. The research was carried out in 2022 in Muş province. The aim of the research was to determine the grass yield and quality of (Akdarı, 26, Mataco, Talisman, Karaca Melez, 305, Uzun, Hulk, Gözde 80, Early Sumac, Rox, 310, Aldarı, Öğretmen Oğlu, 314, Leoti, Erdurmuş, Beydarı) genotypes in some 14 Sorghum and Sorghum Sudan grass hybrids an 4 candidate cultivars under the Muş ecological conditions, The experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications. The plants' height ranged from 96.33 to 243.66 cm, single plant weight ranged from 868.33 to 2418.33 g, dry matter yield per decare varied between 345.95 and 1057.18 kg, and crude protein content ranged from 6.08% to 10.02%. According to the results of this study, in terms of quality, the genotypes Leoti, Uzun, and Beydarı stood out, while in terms of yield, the genotypes Gözde 80, Uzun, and Mataco were more prominent. For obtaining good yields in the ecological conditions of Muş and similar regions, it is recommended to grow one of the Gözde 80, Uzun, or Mataco genotypes. Considering both yield and quality, the Uzun genotype, which is in the high statistical groups, would be the most suitable choice for cultivation. onsidering both yield and quality, the Uzun genotype, which is in the high statistical groups, would be the most suitable choice for cultivation. onsidering both yield and quality, the Uzun genotype, which is in the high statistical groups, would be the most suitable choice for cultivation.

Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) infection is one of the most common viral infections among respiratory system diseases in domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is more frequently observed under poor management conditions, during transportation, and in the presence of concurrent viral and bacterial infections. The most common finding in the disease is characteristic bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Concurrent viral and bacterial infections may exacerbate this condition, leading to fibrinopurulent-necrotic bronchopneumonia. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological findings of PI3 infection in ruminants, the release of Mannose Binding Lectin (MBL) and Surfactant Protein B (SP-B) in lung tissue during inflammation, their roles and importance in pathogenesis, and their interrelationships. For this purpose, paraffin-embedded lung tissue blocks from 30 ruminants suspected of viral pneumonia and 10 ruminants without lesions were used. The blocks were sectioned at a thickness of 5 micrometers and placed on normal and Poly-L-Lysine slides. The normal slides were stained using the Hematoxylin and Eosin staining method. The Poly-L-Lysine slides were subjected to the Avidin-Biotin Complex Peroxidase method. All sections were examined under a light microscope and microphotographs were taken. Histopathologically, the acute destructive phase was observed in most cases (78%), while the chronic proliferative phase was observed in 4 cases (22%). Immunohistochemical methods revealed anti-PI3 positive findings in 15 animals (50%). Additionally, it was determined that MBL release was high in acute cases but decreased in subacute or chronic cases. SP-B release, on the other hand, was higher in subacute and chronic cases compared to acute cases. In conclusion, it was suggested that MBL release might be insufficient for recovery in cases of immunodeficiency or mixed infections, whereas early and accurate treatment could increase the chances of survival through the effects of SP-B.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed protozoan capable of infecting humans as well as numerous warm-blooded hosts, such as poultry, and livestock. One of the primary ways it is transmitted to humans is through the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat containing the parasite's tissue cysts. This study investigated the existence of T. gondii DNA in retail beef, chicken meat and offal sold in Kayseri, Türkiye. A total of 100 samples were collected from local butchers and delicatessens, comprising 25 samples each of chicken meat, chicken liver, cubed beef and beef liver. Genomic DNA was extracted from these samples and analyzed using TaqMan-based real-time PCR targeting the B1 gene, which is a highly conserved and sensitive marker for T. gondii. All samples tested negative, with no DNA amplification observed within the assay’s threshold (Ct ≤ 35). These results indicate a low level of, or absence of, T. gondii contamination in the meat products tested in this region during the sampling period. However, when interpreting the results, factors such as limited sample size, seasonal variation, regional animal husbandry practices, and low parasitic load must be considered. Additionally, the heterogeneous distribution of tissue cysts and the possible degradation of parasitic DNA may influence detection. Given the public health significance of toxoplasmosis, further studies involving larger sample sizes, diverse geographical locations and complementary diagnostic techniques are recommended. Continuous surveillance, the implementation of good agricultural and hygienic practices, and raising public awareness of proper meat handling, preparation, freezing and cooking are crucial to minimizing the risk of T. gondii transmission through foodborne pathways.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of intramammary Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cell (WJ-MSC) administration on haematological parameters in cows with subclinical mastitis. In the study, 20 Holstein cows kept under equal care and feeding conditions during the same lactation period were used. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to identify animals with subclinical mastitis. Animals were divided into 4 groups: control (n=4, 3 ml DMEM solution, intramammary, days 2 and 9), Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (n=4, WJ-MSCs, 2.5 x 107 WJ-MSCs, intramammary, days 2 and 9), subclinical mastitis (n=6, SM, parenteral antibiotic treatment, days 2 and 9), and SM+WJ-MSCs (n=6, 2.5 x 107 WJ-MSCs, days 2 and 9). On the 1st and 30th days of the study, blood samples were taken directly from the jugular vein under aseptic conditions into EDTA tubes containing anticoagulant for the evaluation of haematological parameters. Parameters related to infection and inflammation were evaluated in blood count analyses. The WBC value, which was above the reference range on day 1, was measured within the reference range on day 30. It was found that the Neu% value, which was above the reference value in the Day 1 measurement, and the Lym% value, which was below the reference value, were within the reference values in the post-treatment measurement. The results obtained indicate that the application of WJ-MSCs has no negative effect on haematological parameters and may even play a balancing role in the inflammatory response for some parameters due to its immunomodulatory effects.

Horse breeding plays an important role in the economic and social development of many countries around the world. For the equine industry to function properly, high fertility rates and large numbers of healthy foals must be born. Achieving this objective is contingent upon factors such as an elevated fertility rate, uncomplicated pregnancy processes, and an augmentation in the number of healthy foals born. Diagnosis of disease, an appropriate management programme and regular veterinary checks are essential to prevent post-pregnancy foal losses and to maintain the overall health and productivity of horses. A detailed literature review revealed a lack of systematic research into foal mortality, which is a financial and moral loss to the equine industry. There are many infectious and non-infectious factors and causes that adversely affect pregnancy. Infectious agents include bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Non-infectious causes include transport, hormonal disorders, torsion and stress. Complications arising prior to and following parturition in equines have the potential to result in the termination of the pregnancy process or the failure of the foal to survive post-partum. It is therefore vital to be well-versed in the physiological and behavioural conditions of mares during pregnancy and parturition. In horse breeding, early diagnosis of the cause of abortions increases the success of treatment. There are many prevention and control methods to prevent pup mortality. In general, it is important to take these measures within the rules of preventive medicine. These should be determined as routine vaccination (equine herpes virus etc.), separation of pregnant mares from other horses and suspicious & sick horses (isolation), routine health checks, careful observation and developing a suitable diet under the guidance of an equine nutritionist. This study aims to provide information to breeders and colleagues by investigating the potential causes of abortions, infertility and post-partum litter deaths in horses.