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The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate colostrum quality in ewes and yearling lambs using a digital Brix refractometer. A total of 18 Karya sheep, including 9 yearling lambs and 9 ewes, were used in the study. Colostrum/milk samples were collected from the sheep immediately after birth and at 12 and 24 hours, and 2, 3, 4, 7 and 15 days after birth. The Brix percentages of the fresh colostrum/milk samples were measured with a digital Brix refractometer. The colostrum Brix percentages of the ewes and yearling lambs and the change in the colostrum/milk Brix percentages up to 15 days after birth were compared by repeated measure of analysis of variances. The mean colostrum Brix percentages of the ewes immediately after birth, and at 12 and 24 hours and, 2 and 3 days after birth were determined as 32.8 ± 1.7%, 22.6 ± 1.2%, 17.2 ± 1.0%, 15.4 ± 0.8%, and 14.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. The mean colostrum Brix percentages of the yearling lambs immediately after birth, and at 12 and 24 hours, and 2 and 3 days after birth were determined as 33.3±1.8%, 21.0±1.9%, 17.2 ± 1.4%, 15.6 ± 0.6%, and 15.0 ± 0.4%, respectively. No differences were detected between the colostrum and milk Brix percentages of the ewes and yearling lambs. Colostrum Brix percentages decreased significantly from birth to 24 hours postpartum. Colostrum/milk Brix percentages remained at similar values from 24 hours to 15 days postpartum. In conclusion, colostrum quality did not differ between Karya ewes and yearling lambs and colostrum/milk Brix percentages decreased steadily from 24 hours to 15 days after lambing.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of blood tubes with different anticoagulants and different spinning speed applications in the blood centrifuge on biochemical analyses. The study conducted with a total of 16 Gerze cocks, a native breed of Türkiye. In the first part of the study, 8 roosters were slaughtered and the blood taken was transferred to lithium heparinized tubes only. Then, the blood was centrifuged at 3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm for 10 minutes. Blood samples were taken into plain-tubes, K3EDTA and lithium heparin tubes, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The study results indicated that, centrifugation speed had no statistically significant effect on the levels of plasma glucose (p = 0,691), triglyceride (p = 0,451), total cholesterol (p = 0,993), high-density lipoprotein [(HDL-cholesterol) (p = 0,917)], low-density lipoprotein [(LDL-cholesterol) (p = 0,990)], total protein (p = 0,860), inorganic phosphorus (p = 0,885), calcium (p = 0,980), amount of plasma (p = 0,903) and, aspartate aminotransferase activities [(AST) (p = 0,692)]. In the second part of the study 8 different cocks apart from first part of the study, were slaughtered and the blood taken into tubes with different contents as plain tubes (serum), lithium heparinized tubes (plasma) and K3EDTA tubes (plasma). Same parameters with first part of the study were investigated. The results showed that no statistical difference found between serum or plasma obtained from blood tubes with different contents (p˃0.05). Additionally, the calcium levels could not be analyzed with K3EDTA plasma. Consequently, we observed that centrifugation speeds up to 5000 rpm did not affect the parameters frequently investigated in scientific research and routine analysis in poultry Similarly, in the tube content experiment, no statistical difference was found in other parameters.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii that can cause disease in all warm-blooded animals. In the transmission cycle of the disease, cats serve as the primary/definitive hosts, and transmission occurs through direct and indirect oral ingestion of oocysts spread by the definitive hosts. To diagnose the disease, a variety of methods are employed, including fluorescent diagnostic techniques, indirect hemagglutination tests, modified agglutination tests, ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sabin-Feldman dye tests, and immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test kits. In clinical settings, rapid diagnostic test kits are the preferred option due to their ease of access, cost-effectiveness, and rapid results. The objective of this study is to ascertain the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats in the Kirikkale region and to highlight the efficacy of rapid diagnostic kits in this regard. The study material consisted of 50 cats brought to the Kırıkkale University Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital for diagnosis and treatment of various disease presentations. Toxoplasma was detected using rapid diagnostic kits. The diagnostic tests performed on the blood samples taken from the 50 cats for the purposes of diagnosis and treatment revealed that three of them were positive. The screening revealed a prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the sample population of 6%. It has been determined that cats can harbor this disease despite exhibiting symptoms compatible with toxoplasma. The use of rapid diagnostic kits for screening cats is a viable and practical solution. The study objective was to contribute to the development of control policies for cats in the context of public health and disease control policies. The results of this study will serve as a source of information for future studies.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are classified within the taxonomic family Lactobacillaceae family and are renowned for their pivotal roles in food safety and public health. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of aroma, flavour and texture in fermented foods. Among LAB, Streptococcus spp. is considered at the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) level, particularly for use as starter cultures in the dairy industry. The aim of this study was to ascertain the technological properties of S. thermophilus BST2001-BST2007 (7) and S. macedonicus BSGM2471-BSGM2471 (2). These were isolated from samples obtained at various stages of classical white cheese production, including acid forming capacity, proteolytic activity, viability at different pH, temperature and salt concentrations, and diacetyl production. The findings of the study demonstrated that the acid forming capacities of all isolates were similar during the initial 6th hour. However, at the 12th hour, the S. thermophilus BST2006 and BST2007 isolates decreased the pH of the medium to 4.45 and 4.46, respectively, resulting in the formation of a clot. At the end of the 24-hour period, it was observed that all S. thermophilus isolates had formed clots, whereas the S. macedonicus isolates had demonstrated a markedly reduced capacity for acid production and did not form any clots. In contrast, both species showed high proteolytic activity (zone diameter >10 mm) and were able to growth within a temperature range of 15-45°C. Isolates of S. macedonicus were observed to be unable to grow at a salt concentration of 7%. Additionally, diacetyl production was observed in four S. thermophilus isolates and one S. macedonicus isolate. These results indicate that there may be significant differences in technological properties even among the same LAB species. This highlights the importance of researching and introducing new LAB species to the sector to develop products with specific, targeted properties in the fermented food industry, particularly in cheese production.

Currently, the creation of several novel materials has accelerated the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The production of nanoparticles is being developed using a variety of physical, chemical and even biological processes. The biological approach is becoming increasingly popular among these methods because it is easy to use, requires modest operating conditions, and produces waste and products in a more environmentally friendly manner. Green nanoparticles can be synthesised using a variety of components and biochemicals found in plants, which can act as stabilising and reducing agents. There is great potential for AgNPs, particularly in the medical applications or biomedical field. The most common application of nanoparticles has been as antibacterial agents. In this study, AgNPs were synthesised using the green synthesis method. The antibacterial and proliferative effects of these synthesised nanoparticles were investigated. In this direction, yellow cherry (Prunus avium L.) belonging to Konya/Ereğli region was harvested at appropriate time and conditions. The extract of the collected yellow cherry was used as a reducing agent to obtain Ag nanoparticles. The extract obtained from the collected yellow cherry, rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, served as a reducing agent for AgNP synthesis. The Prunus avium-AgNPs (PA-AgNPs) were found to be spherical with an average size of 40.98 ± 12.45 nm based on SEM analysis. The synthesised Ag-NPs were shown to be effective against S. aureus and E. faecalis bacteria based on their antibacterial activity, which was assessed using the disc diffusion technique. At the same time, a healthy cell line (L929) was used to assess the proliferative effect using the MTT technique. The results showed that the IC50 (concentration that inhibits 50%) of the cells was 46 μg mL-1 at 24 hours, 92.5 μg mL-1 at 48 hours and 105 μg mL-1 at 72 hours. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized with an environmentally friendly approach using the extract obtained from the fruits of Prunus avium, which is rich in bioactive content. Compared to AgNPs synthesized by chemical methods, particles synthesized by biosynthesis (green synthesis) method showed much lower cytotoxic effects.

Boron is a mineral that plays important roles in humans, animals and plants. However, the exact mechanism by which this mineral performs its functions in humans and animals is not fully understood. As a result, it is not classified as an essential element for humans and animals. People and animals live in the areas of Eskişehir, Kütahya, Bursa and Balıkesir provinces that have been boron resources for thousands of years. The total reserves in Türkiye have been estimated at 3.3 million tonnes. The water that comes from these provinces is consumed by the plants, vegetables, fruits and animals that feed on the plants grown here and by humans who consume them as food. It is an important mineral that has been consumed continuously with plants, animal products and water since the existence of our country. It is found in very high concentrations in precious foods such as dates, plums, grapes, almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts and honey. Many studies carried out in countries without boron resources and using high doses of boron have led to it being included in the group of toxic minerals. The mineral boron, which is important in terms of dosage and duration of use, and which we believe is present in physiological foods and which we are trying to clarify with our studies, is one of the essential trace elements. The benefits of boron mineral to living organisms have been demonstrated in many studies to date. However, it is a promising mineral that needs to be supported by further biological studies.